Body Art :: Social Issues, Tattooing

The quantity of individuals persuading tattoos is by all accounts on the ascent. As indicated by the latest Harris Poll, directed in the late spring of 2007, roughly 40% of Americans ages 25-40 have at any rate one tattoo, when contrasted with 3% 20 years back (Hawkes, Senn, and Thorn, 2004). The expanded ubiquity of the tattoo is obvious in the event that you contrast those discoveries with the 1936 Life magazine gauge that 10 million Americans, or roughly 6% of the populace, had a tattoo (Swan, 2011). As indicated by Kang and Jones (2007), inking is particularly well known among young people and understudies. At a phase when youngsters are looking to declare their autonomy, tattoos may give an approach to ground a feeling of self in an apparently changing and uncertain world. Inking has a long history; it was felt that inking was essential an antiquated Egyptian work on dating from around 2000 B.C. (Nadler, 1983). It was brought to the New World in 1769 by mariners coming back from explorers toward the South Pacific (Post, 1968; Sanders, 1991). The act of inking turned out to be progressively far reaching and socially adequate in the Western world after that time (Sanders, 1991). In old occasions inking was a projection of Jungian mental components, which was utilized be anticipated onto blessed images, onto the self as a signs of self-articulation matching with a decrease in conventional strict adherence (Mercury, 2000). Puncturing has nearly as long of a history as inking. It was rehearsed by Egyptian pharaohs, Mayans, and Romans (Armstrong, 1996). Body puncturing is here and there concentrated alongside inking, mostly in light of the fact that individuals with tattoos frequently have piercings (Buhrich, 1983; Frederick and Bradley, 2000). For ladies, ear penetrating has come to be seen as a standard practice however puncturing eyebrows, nose, cheeks, or different territories seems to represent one’s antagonism from society, much like inking (Sanders, 1988). As to, 69.7% of ladies contrasted with 28.2% of men revealed having piercings (Huxley and Grogan, 2005). The sexual orientation contrast was huge. A method of being underhanded for a lady or going over the edge or building up a sexual character is to have a puncturing: navel, areola, and nose (Saunders and Armstrong, 2005). The penetrating can likewise cause to notice regions that the lady needs consideration attracted to. Risquã ©-punct uring may improve the craving to utilize penetrating for sexual consideration. It might be that ladies may get punctured more for reasons of resistance and men may get penetrated more for reasons of self-character (Caliendo, Armstrong, and Roberts, 2005).

Human Capital Explanation of the Contribution of Education and Essay

Human Capital Explanation of the Contribution of Education and Training in the Economy - Essay Example Human capital clarification is one such clarification; it expresses that instruction and preparing has sizeable effect on the people, associations, and the general economy (Blundell, Dearden, Meghir and Sianesi, 1999, p. 3). When all is said in done, human capital clarification takes in stock the character traits, information, and abilities that are implanted in the people’s capacities to perform work that at last outcomes to financial worth creation. Human capital clarification recommends that instruction and preparing increments people’s efficiency by giving helpful qualities, aptitudes, and information in this way raising their pay and encouraging the working of financial structures (Burton-Jones and Spender, 2011, p. 32). It ought to be noticed that human capital is itself a result of instruction and preparing combined with different angles, for example, experience and order. Haldar and Mallik (2010, p. 9) sees that various investigations that have broadly investiga ted on how instruction and preparing sway the economy have indicated that they essentially add to by and large yield age in economy. With regards to human capital, instruction and preparing are seen as speculations which empower people of a specific culture to be furnished with abilities and information that improve their gainful limits and employability inevitably prompting higher income. At the total level, human capital clarification specify that instruction and preparing contribute essentially to the economy through its effect on profitability development and residential yield (Burton-Jones and Spender, 2011, p. 40). It is in the light of this, that this paper tries to clarify the human capital clarification of the commitment of instruction and preparing in the economy. Moreover, the paper examines the job that the legislature should play on the side of post mandatory instruction and preparing in order to give the motivating force structure to people and firms. Burton-Jones and Spender (2011, p. 40) note that the human capital clarification has three primary parts that are basic in understanding the commitment of instruction and preparing in the economy. These parts include: information and capabilities increased through proper instruction; capabilities, aptitude, and abilities got through preparing on a particular activity; and natural or obtained capacity. As indicated by Becker (2004, p. 11), the human capital clarification is established on the acknowledgment that the choices of people and firms to put resources into human capital is the equivalent to that choices concerning different sorts of ventures that people and firms attempt. As such human capital idea see instruction and preparing as human capital speculations that include introductory costs, for example, done without income while an individual is at school, instructional class charges, and education costs among other starting costs that an individual plans to make returns later on, for example , through higher firm profitability or expanded profit. Haldar and Mallik (2010, p. 22) contend that simply like physical capital speculations, human capital ventures will be attempted by people or firms that target augmenting riches if the arrival that is normal from the ventures is higher than interest’s advertise rate. Anyway, how does the human capital idea clarify the commitment of instruction and preparing in the economy? As per Blundell, Dearden, Meghir and Sianesi (1999, p. 20), human capital has three clarifications with respect to

Fall 2014 Transfer Decisions Will Be Sent Today

Fall 2014 Transfer Decisions Will Be Sent Today Today were releasing our decisions regarding transfer applicants who applied for admission for Fall 2014. Transfer applicants, unlike freshman applicants, receive decisions via email from our office to the address listed on their application. The emails will be sent at 5 PM Eastern  today, May 7, and you should receive it shortly thereafter, depending on the traffic in the tubes. Our transfer admissions process was quite competitive. As in past years, hundreds of students applied, and we only had space to admit fewer than 20 students. It is a difficult process: as usual, we are very excited about the students we have admitted, and often chagrined about those we could not. As a former transfer student myself, I know that this process can be a complicated one. For those of you who were admitted: welcome to MIT. For those who werent: I wish you the best of luck. I transferred, but if I hadnt things would have been fine. Remember, college is mostly what you make of it, here or anywhere else; if you werent one of those students whom we admitted, I wish you the best of luck wherever you go (or stay).

Anorexia Nervosa Is An Eating Disorder - 1407 Words

Abnormal Psychology YourFirstName YourLastName University title Anorexia Nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of putting on weight with a negative attitude towards body weight (medical dictionary). Due to this extensive fear, people eventually starve themselves leading to extremely low body weights. People suffering from Anorexia take extreme efforts to keep their body weights in check by limiting the amount of food they eat. These efforts range from excessive exercise, misusing diet aids to vomiting after eating just to reduce the level of calorie intake. However, it should be noted that Anorexia is less of an issue about food but more of a mental problem whereby people suffering from it equate†¦show more content†¦As a result, this treatment procedure aims at not only reversing the complications of the disorder but also remedying the mental distortion of body weight. This has necessitated inclusion of psychotherapy, behavioral and cognitive interventions in the multifaceted treatment program. This approach ens ures that while complications are reduced, the root problem is equally dealt with reducing the probability of recurrence. Additionally, the nature of the effective treatment as multi-faceted necessitates a team approach (Mayo clinic). In this process, dieticians, psychologists as well as medical health providers take part. Medical care is important to reverse the complications related to starvation and in some extreme cases may require hospitalization of the person suffering from the disorder. Recovery is hinged on first acquiring a healthy weight and then maintaining it through proper nutrition. For this purpose, psychologists are important in developing behavioral strategies necessary for acquiring the healthy weight which can be maintained with guidance from a nutritionist. As a psychiatric disorder, the importance of psychotherapy could not be overstated (Mayo clinic). Psychotherapy may be family based or individualized to the affected person. Family-based psychotherapy is crucial for teenagers who need help in making right decisions towards restoration of healthy weight and mainlyShow MoreRelatedEating Disorder : Anorexia Nervosa1622 Words   |  7 Pages Bulimia Nervosa To be diagnosed with eating disorder, someone must meet certain criteria. The criterion for diagnosis slightly varies depending on if you are referring to people who (A) fear gaining weight, and have significant weight loss,(B) eating a huge amount of food , then use laxative to remove the binged food, (C) the use of excessive exercise and fasting in order to remove or to reduce the amount of calories consumed, and (D) distorted body image, no matter how thin they become, theyRead MoreEating Disorder : Anorexia Nervosa1658 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen affected by this disorder. The specific disorder that is being referred to in this paper, an eating disorder, is Anorexia Nervosa, the restricting type. An eating disorder â€Å"involve[s] disordered eating behaviors and maladaptive ways of controlling body weight† (Nevid, Rathus, Greene, 2014, p. 335). Another well-known eating disorder is Bulimia Nervosa which is characterized by binging and purging (Nevid, Rathus, Greene, 2014, p. 338). Bulimia is different than anorexia since victims of bulimiaRead MoreEating Disorders And Anorexia Nervosa Essay1948 Words   |  8 Pagesnotion of an â€Å"ideal† body and eating disorders, there is no consensus as to the root cause of eating disorders. The general belief is that eating disorders result from one or more biological, behavioral, and social factors including genetics, unpleasant experiences/trauma, peer pressure, teasing, and family members with eating disorders, among others. There are numerous types of eating disorders. 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Up to 24 million people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder in the U.S (ANAD, n.d.) bulimia nervosa as well as the other eating disorders are considered to be a female eating disorder, a disorder that only affects women which limits males to seek treatment let alone make aware to other that they suffer from bulimiaRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa974 Words   |  4 PagesI have always been intrigued with eating disorders, particularly Anorexia Nervosa. When I was 18 years of age, my mother questioned whether or not I was Anorexic and she took me to the family practitioner, who then informed me that I was three pounds shy from being considered underweight. I knew I was thin, but I was really thin, but also really proud of my size. In an African American urban environment being thin was related to illness and drug abuse. I was often teased about how thin and fragileRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa889 Words   |  4 PagesANAD Eating Disorder Statistics about thirty million people in America of all ages and genders suffer from one of the three main eating disorders. Many people suffer from more than one of the eating disorders. Only 1 in 10 individuals receive the treatment that is needed to recover(AND A). Often eating disorders are known to be triggered by outside factors in their life, but studies show that it is more likely to be a part of their genetics. According to Webster the definition of an â€Å"Eating Disorder†Read MoreAnorexia Nervosa- Eating Disorder1685 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of anorexia are mostly seen on the outside of the victim’s body, but do not be fooled. This detrimental eating disorder affects one’s mind just as much as it would the body. What Anorexia does to the mind is that it distorts the way one views their body. Victims of anorexia become fixated on their body image and overly critical about their flaws and weight. Even being obviously underweight, Anorexics will continuously deny that they have a problem and continue with their fatal practices.Read MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1462 Words   |  6 Pagessuffer from many illnesses, one in particular is eating disorders. There are many types of eating disorders, but there are three common ones that are known today, which are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Eating disorders are not healthy, thi s type of disease can be very fatal and crucial to one s health   mentally, physically, and socially. The purpose of this report is to provide background information about eating disorders, strategies to prevent this illness from occurring

The Essence Of Place Essay - 1300 Words

The Essence of Place If I had to sum Watauga Residential College in one word, I would come down to the word community because that is exactly what being a part of this program feels like. When reading the description of what Watauga will be for a prospective student, I gathered that the experience will be like being a part of a community inside and outside of the classroom and this is achieved through academic and living encounters. As Wataugans we spend time in academic and social environments together, our spirit of learning is shown through the times we spend together academically and socially. And by socially I mean we have lunch together, and when there are opportunities we volunteer together and take recreational trips when possible and through all of that our faculty is involved with us as well. Yes, my fellow classmates I do engage ourselves with one another but we engage with the Watauga faculty as well. The Watauga Residential College is known to be located in a residence hall called the Living Learning Center also known as the LLC, this is where we make our homes for the first few years of college and also where the faculty members’ offices can be found. In the LLC our small seminar classes take place in the residence hall; our luncheons take place here, and many other social activities happen here as well. The Wataugans that have passed their first years also are here and the ones who don’t live in the LLC always come back to visit. The LLC is what enthrallsShow MoreRelatedExistentialism And Human Emotions By Jean Paul Sartre1513 Words   |  7 Pagesagainst it. Throughout the book, Sartre refers to the basis of existentialism using the phrase ‘existence precedes essence . With this, phrase lies the basis for the argument that Existentialism is a Humanism. In this essay, I shall attempt to explore and evaluate Sartre s argument that existentialism is a humanism by unpacking what is meant by ‘existence precedes essenc e . I will argue that although the overall argument tends to be a good one, there are several points which could haveRead More Personhood Essay example758 Words   |  4 Pagesother materials. Some say it is more than that. These people agree that the body is made up of skin, muscles, bones, etc., but they think the whole essence of personhood is in the body. They don’t believe in souls or minds, and they think that biological processes are the only processes that take place in a body. And when these processes cease to take place, death occurs, and since, to these people, a person is a body, life ends, and that is it. There is no after life, because there is nothing otherRead MoreJean Paul Sartre ´s Existential Philosophy Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesJean Paul Sartres Existential philosophy posits that is in man, and in man alone, that existence precedes essence. Simply put, Sartre means that man is first, and only subsequently to his â€Å"isness† does he becom e this or that. The implication in Sartres philosophy is that man must create his own essence: it is in being thrown into the world through consciounsess intent, loving, struggling, experiencing and being in the world that man is alllowed to define itself. Yet, the definition always remainsRead MoreExistentialism Is A Humanism?1568 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"any system of thought or ideology which places humanity as a whole, at its center,  especially one which stresses the inherent value and potential of human life.† In Sartre’s lecture, â€Å"Existentialism is a humanism,† not only Sartre’s elaboration of humanism is coherent with the notion of â€Å"humanism,† but also his demonstration of â€Å"existentialism† as one kind of humanisms is cogent. In contrast with those Aristotelians and Thomists who believe that essence (in this case, the human nature predeterminedRead More Marcel Proust Defines the Self in Remembrance of Things Past16 54 Words   |  7 PagesThings Past Proust seems to be unique among the twentieth century authors in that his denial of rational thought is through the use of sensation to respond to the problem--instead of experience, for example--by defining the self as a retrievable essence comprised of all past experiences. Our human condition is defined by mortality, contingency, and discontentment. This reality combined with the new outlooks of relationships between our lives and the objects that surround us in our world, haveRead MoreJean Paul Sartre : What Makes A Person?1012 Words   |  5 Pagesa person is nothing until he or she is defined by their actions. What that person does after coming into existence is what gives that person essence. A person can â€Å"choose† their own essence because it is defined by the decisions made. This means that a person is responsible for the what they are and will become. In turn, existence must proceed before essence. Sartre explains that like humans, paper-cutter exist to cut paper but it would not exist unless it had a purpose. A paper-cutter would notRead MoreSartre s Views On The Moral Choices895 Words   |  4 Pageshis claims regarding existentialism with three words – anguish, abandonment, and despair (25). In this paper, I will talk about Sartre’s definition of existentialism, its relation to essence, Sartre’s views on the moral choices and how they relate to art. Sartre makes the claim that all humans start at the same place. He says we are all thrown into the world without any preset values/moral attitudes. We come into this world as a clean slate (tabula rasa) (22). Although we did not come into this worldRead MoreI Appreciate Barbour s Praiseworthy And Toilsome Effort914 Words   |  4 PagesThis is so as we consider according to modern philosphy that there is an ontological link between an essence of an entity and our experience of it. That is, for Pannenberg, the essence of God corresponds to the human experience of God in God’s self-revelation in history. Like Hegel, Pannenberg regards this link between human experience and the essence of God as possible, since the essence of God is inseparable from the historical event of God’s self-revelation. 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I think Cabrera’s story will not make it to the second edition of the book since her unexpected significant object doesn’t covert the criteria what there are looking for in the book even though there are some similarities, but I don’t believe the essence is strong enough. Ozersky’s story its full of memories and feelings, the frying pan had a decade of sharing important moments

Haitian Revolution Free Essays

Rationale The researcher chose to investigate this topic because she is solely interested I finding out why Haiti’s socio-economic structure deteriorated after the Haitian Revolution ended in 1804. It has always been the curiosity of the researcher to discover Haiti’s state prior to this major revolt and also to find out the factors which caused the socio-economic break down of the colony. This research seeks to educate the researcher and whoever may read it in an effort to broaden their knowledge on Haiti’s socio-economic structure and why it is the way it is. We will write a custom essay sample on Haitian Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction The Haitian Revolution was a strategy used by African slaves in Haiti to resist slavery. In the 18th century, Haiti was the richest colony in the entire Caribbean and was the largest market of cane sugar. They accounted for half the sugar used in the Americas and Europe; they also produced cotton, coffee and indigo which were also used in developing France socially and economically. Even though Haiti was very successful in its own and France’s economical endeavours, the strategy used was somewhat detriment as they applied brutal measures to the enslaved who worked on their plantations. According to Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave Systems written by Hilary McD Beckles and Verene A. Shepherd, it was the background of the civil war between the free mixed race and French communities and their mutual opposition to French domination, that those enslaved on the 22nd of August 1791, launched the greatest revolt for freedom from slavery ever known. Due to the revolt that lasted for thirteen long years, there was mass destruction in property, plantations and loss of many lives. These resulted in the break down of the socio-economic structure and further more the economy. This research will address the socio-economic state of Haiti or previously known as ‘St. Domingue’ prior to the revolt and the factors that contributed to the deterioration of its socio-economic break down which will be used to prove that it was the Haitian Revolution that destroyed the  French colony. How to cite Haitian Revolution, Papers Haitian Revolution Free Essays Rationale The researcher chose to investigate this topic because she is solely interested I finding out why Haiti’s socio-economic structure deteriorated after the Haitian Revolution ended in 1804. It has always been the curiosity of the researcher to discover Haiti’s state prior to this major revolt and also to find out the factors which caused the socio-economic break down of the colony. This research seeks to educate the researcher and whoever may read it in an effort to broaden their knowledge on Haiti’s socio-economic structure and why it is the way it is. We will write a custom essay sample on Haitian Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction The Haitian Revolution was a strategy used by African slaves in Haiti to resist slavery. In the 18th century, Haiti was the richest colony in the entire Caribbean and was the largest market of cane sugar. They accounted for half the sugar used in the Americas and Europe; they also produced cotton, coffee and indigo which were also used in developing France socially and economically. Even though Haiti was very successful in its own and France’s economical endeavours, the strategy used was somewhat detriment as they applied brutal measures to the enslaved who worked on their plantations. According to Liberties Lost: Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave Systems written by Hilary McD Beckles and Verene A. Shepherd, it was the background of the civil war between the free mixed race and French communities and their mutual opposition to French domination, that those enslaved on the 22nd of August 1791, launched the greatest revolt for freedom from slavery ever known. Due to the revolt that lasted for thirteen long years, there was mass destruction in property, plantations and loss of many lives. These resulted in the break down of the socio-economic structure and further more the economy. This research will address the socio-economic state of Haiti or previously known as ‘St. Domingue’ prior to the revolt and the factors that contributed to the deterioration of its socio-economic break down which will be used to prove that it was the Haitian Revolution that destroyed the French colony. The Effects of the Haitian Revolution after it ended in 1804 How to cite Haitian Revolution, Papers

Case Study for IT Priorities IVK - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write about theCase Study for IT Priorities IVK. Answer: Slush fund slack had been created by the previous CIO Davies just in case when the very vital projects at IVK could not be approved. The slush funds had been developed at IVK in order to get the IT project funds approved. The IT projects were not considered to be the primary functions rather they were just the supporting functions which faced trouble to get budgetary approvals from the department. To get budget approval for the IT projects that were very technical and did not deliver direct customer benefits were really tough to get approved in IVK. Moreover the IT projects were supposed to be very technical and the other departments were simply unable to understand, rather in some cases the approach that the company IVK adopted for funding the IT projects was that of preventive maintenance. This is the reason why Davies created slush funds to get these security related risks handled effectively (Wysocki, 2010). Davies being a technical person knew very well the kind of security risks might generate if the IT projects do not get implemented. He realised the importance and gravity of neglecting of IT projects in IVK that is why he thought of this idea of creating slush fund slack to get budgetary approval for the IT projects. During the IT project approval in which Barton made fun when he started criticising the way the project was presented Davies simply returned back in his shell during conflicts. This indicates that Davies, not being the one ready to take sole responsibility, will result in noose around everyones neck as everyone would get involved while decision making for the IT projects (Austin, Nolan, O'Donnell, 2016). The approach adopted by Davies was typically IT-based approach and not a management based approach. The approach adopted by Davies was technology oriented as he along with John both believed that there exists a security issue with the technology that was being used by Peoples. He believed that if there is any security risk that must be handled by receiving funds from IVK. But his approach being too much IT related which was simply did not go very well with other business units. He laid more emphasis on the security risks that might arise in totally IT language. Thus the way of communication of the security risks adopted by Davies did not clarify or show what adverse impact the security risks that are generated in IVK can have on the company as well as the customers. Thus the approach adopted by Barton that the IT spending needs to be in proper alignment with the IVK strategy and dividing the IT projects on the following basis is a better approach. The projects will be divided into categories like: Mandatory (for example security) Return on Investment (for example incremental) OCI (option creating investment). Barton has adopted a consensus approach according to which IT is important aspect that assists the process implementation and the business units are the ones who decide the priorities. The approach followed by Barton does not suggest that it should take full control over the IT budget rather it believes in putting forth the IT point of view along with the business point of view. By adopting this approach all necks will be in the noose and in case any decision goes wrong everyone who is part of decision can be blamed and held responsible (Austin, Nolan, O'Donnell, 2016). Barton needs to act smart and should not take the entire budgetary control in his hands as suggested by Maggie as well as it will make him responsible for anything that goes wrong in the company. He should come up with a brilliant idea of getting fixed the whole decision making committee which should also engage the Board of Directors. Rather he should try to create a completely new IT budgeting process by proposing certain percentage of the total budget that needs to be allocated to the IT projects that belong to the mandatory category (Wysocki, 2010). The IT committee that he needs to propose should be of board level because demanding certain percentage of budget to be taken into control of IT is not a good idea. In this case again if anything goes wrong then only Barton will be held responsible because the noose would be around his neck only, being the sole person to make budgetary decisions. What he needs to do is support the formation of an IT Security Project which should empha size on the critical factors as well as the benefits that it will draw. IT Committee with board involvement will help in promoting the say of IT within the business units which will in turn help the organization also. Thus the risks associated with IT infrastructure will be decreased and will also make decision making simple and easy (Austin, Nolan, O'Donnell, 2016). Bibliography Austin, R., Nolan, R., O'Donnell, S. (2016). The Adventures of an IT Leader. Harvard Busines Press. Wysocki, R. K. (2010). Effective Project Management: Traditional, Adaptive, Extreme. Wiley Publishing INc.

Mental Status Exam Essay Example

Mental Status Exam Essay Example Mental Status Exam Essay Mental Status Exam Essay Thuy Huynh November 16, 2012 Mental Status Exam 1) Appearance (unkempt, unclean, clothing disheveled, atypical clothing, well-groomed, drab, meticulous, obese, underweight, etc. ) -clothing were disheveled, unshaven-ed beard, unclean, unkempt attire 2) Attitude (resistive, cooperative, complacent, detached, resentful, suspicious, uncooperative, overly compliant, provocative, other symptom) -detached from surrounding environment, seemed to be on guard at all times 3) Mood (sad, melancholy, euphoric, labile, irritable, hostile, apathetic, anxious, other symptom) -anxious ) Affect (flat, blunted, appropriate to mood, inappropriate to mood, euphoric, other symptom) -animatedand/or inappropriate affect 5) Behavior (repetitive movements, posturing, waxy flexibility, agitated, impulsive, seductive, anxious, avoids eye contact, psychomotor retardation, hyperactive, violent, restless, other symptom) -anxious, restlessness, pacing back and forth, talking to self, performing defensive moves in hallway, paranoid 6) Speech Content (grandiose, self-depreciative, flight of ideas, loose associations, ideas of reference, hallucinations, delusions, phobias, other ymptom) loose associations 7) Speech Quality and Quantity (overly talkative, slowed, pressured, mute, stutter, dysarthria, guarded, calm, monotone, soft, loud, relevant, coherent, other) monotone at times, when speaking to self speech was soft, incoherent on occasion 8) Sensorium and Intellectual Functioning A) Orientation- did not seem oriented to place or time B) Memory (remote, retention, confabulation)- not able to track C) Patient’s store of general information- knew basic information D) Ability to Abstract-not able to assess ) Insight (patient’s reaction to problem and assessment of causes) -was not quite able to get an accurate assessment on whether or not he had insight to his disease 10) Judgement (regarding own health and business affairs) -not able to make own decisions about own health and business affairs 11) Suicidal and/or Homicidal Risk -was not able to assess 12) Erikson stages: chronological Generativity vs. Stagnation actual – Industry vs. Inferiority 13) Defense mecha nisms: projection, regression Axis I – schizophrenia, paranoia Axis II Axis III Axis IV Axis V Psych. Meds Three top priority nursing diagnoses for this patient: 1- Disturbed personal identity r/t inability to distinguish self and nonself AEB bizarre, regressive behavior, disorganized thought process, and inappropriate affect. 2- Ineffective health maintenance r/t inability to identify, manage, and seek out help in order to maintain health AEB lack of sleep and inability to follow through with ADLs. 3- Ineffective coping r/t maturational and/or situational crises AEB alterations in societal participation and inability to follow rules.

Re-Election Rates for Members of Congress

Re-Election Rates for Members of Congress The re-election rate for members of Congress is exceptionally high considering how unpopular the institution is in the eyes of the public. If youre looking for steady work, you might consider running for office yourself; job security is especially strong for members of the House of Representatives even though a significant portion of the electorate supports terms limits.   How often do members of Congress actually lose an election? Not very. Almost Certain to Keep Their Jobs Incumbent members of the House seeking re-election are all but assured re-election. The re-election rate among all 435 members of the House has been as high as 98 percent in modern history, and its rarely dipped below  90 percent.   The late Washington Post political columnist David Broder referred to this phenomenon as incumbent lock and blamed gerrymandered congressional districts for eliminating any notion of competition in general elections.   But there are other reasons the re-election rate for members of Congress is so high. With wide name recognition, and usually an insurmountable advantage in campaign cash, House incumbents typically have little trouble holding onto their seats, explains the Center for Responsive Politics, a nonpartisan watchdog group in Washington. In addition, there are other built-in protections for congressional incumbents: the ability to regularly mail flattering newsletters to constituents at taxpayer expense under the guise of constituent outreach and to earmark money for pet projects in their districts. Members of Congress who raise money for their colleagues are also rewarded with large amounts of campaign money for their own campaigns, making even more difficult to unseat incumbents. So how difficult is it?  Ã‚   List of Re-Election Rates For House Members By Year Heres a look at the re-election rates for members of the House of Representatives going back to the 1900 congressional election. On only four occasions did more than 20 percent of incumbents seeking re-election actually lose their races. The most recent such election was in 1948, when Democratic presidential nominee Harry S. Truman campaigned against a do-nothing Congress. The wave election resulted in a massive turnover in Congress, one that rewarded Democrats with 75 more seats in the House. Prior to that, the only  election that resulted in a substantial ouster of incumbents was in 1938, amid a recession and soaring unemployment. Republicans picked up 81 seats in Democratic President Franklin Roosevelts  midterm election. Take note that some of the lowest re-election rates occur in the midterm elections. The political party whose president occupies the White House often sustains large losses in the House. In 2010, for example, the re-election rate for members of the House dipped to 85 percent; it was two years after Democrat Barack Obama was elected president. His party lost a whopping 52 seats in the House in 2010.   Re-election Rates for House Members Election Year Percentage of Incumbents Re-elected 2018 91% 2016 97% 2014 95% 2012 90% 2010 85% 2008 94% 2006 94% 2004 98% 2002 96% 2000 98% 1998 98% 1996 94% 1994 90% 1992 88% 1990 96% 1988 98% 1986 98% 1984 95% 1982 91% 1980 91% 1978 94% 1976 96% 1974 88% 1972 94% 1970 95% 1968 97% 1966 88% 1964 87% 1962 92% 1960 93% 1958 90% 1956 95% 1954 93% 1952 91% 1950 91% 1948 79% 1946 82% 1944 88% 1942 83% 1940 89% 1938 79% 1936 88% 1934 84% 1932 69% 1930 86% 1928 90% 1926 93% 1924 89% 1922 79% 1920 82% 1918 85% 1916 88% 1914 80% 1912 82% 1910 79% 1908 88% 1906 87% 1904 87% 1902 87% 1900 88% Resources and Further Reading â€Å"Reelection Rates Over the Years.† OpenSecrets.org, The Center for Responsive Politics. Huckabee, David C. â€Å"Reelection Rates of House Incumbents: 1790-1994.† Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress, 1995.

MANAGEMENT IN A EUROPEAN CONTEXT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

MANAGEMENT IN A EUROPEAN CONTEXT - Essay Example In order to find out the business environment in the two countries a PEST analysis of UK and Spain have been carried out. This would help in analyzing the business environments of both the nations. This study assumes significance in the sense that Sol Melia is planning to enter the UK market. The study also analyses the industry framework using the Porter’s five forces model. This would help both the companies to analyze the hotel industry from the view of all the stakeholders and competitors. The study also suggests possible strategies for both the companies so that they emerge successful in their business plans. In order to find out the similarities amongst the markets of UK and Spain a PEST analysis is carried out for both UK and Spain. The analysis would reveal the market conditions of the two countries as well as their demographics and the political factors. United Kingdom consists of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The country has a constitutional monarchy and operates under the realm of commonwealth. The constitution of the country is unwritten which contains statutes and employs common law. Spain is located in Europe and has a parliamentary monarchial form of government. The country has a constitution which is approved by the legislature of the country. It has a multi party political set up in the country. (CIA World Factbook, 2009.). UK is one of the leading nations of the world both in terms of technology and economy. The GDP of the country in terms of the purchasing power parity is about $2.226 million as of 2008.The real growth rate of GDP is pegged at 0.7% as of 2008.The break up of agriculture, industry and services towards the GDP is 1.3%, 24.25 and 74.55 respectively. The country has a strong labor force composed of 31.23 million people. Spain has a mixed economy. The GDP of the nation in terms of the purchasing power parity is about $1.403 trillion as of 2008. The real growth rate of the county’s GDP is about 1.2% as

Analyse and evaluate the view that language affects cognition Essay

Analyse and evaluate the view that language affects cognition - Essay Example â€Å"Children learn languages that are governed by highly subtle and abstract principles, and they do so without explicit instructions or any other environmental clues to the nature of such principles† (Pinker, 1995: 135). Despite the complexity of language systems, every child successfully learns his/ her first language in a few years, without conscious effort or formal lessons. Hence, language acquisition is distinct from general intelligence; it is based on inherent cognitive programming, and is unique to humans. One of the important aspects of cognitive science is language acquisition. According to Robinson-Riegler & Robinson-Riegler (2004, p.172), â€Å"inhibitory processes serve a restraining function by preventing strong responses† from taking control of effectors responsible for thought and action. This constraining measure ensures that other less likely responses are also considered; hence incorrect interpretations of text and language are avoided. These functions work together to ensure that information in the memory buffer pertains only to goal-relevant information. Language learnability is related to the cognitive processing that gives meaning to language. There is a distinction between top-down and bottom-up processing. Top-down refers to starting with the complete picture and working down to the basic processes; bottom-up means starting with the minute details and working towards understanding the whole process. Thus, the former is a breaking down process, and the latter is a building up process (Robinson-Riegler & Robinson-Riegler, 2004). In top-down processing of stimulus, knowledge and memory function together to explain the details while information from the general context is used to help organize the stimulus. On the other hand, bottom-up processing of a stimulus is that in which information is from a physical stimulus, and not from a general context. The bottom level of processing is

Qualities of a Good Humanitarian

Qualities of a Good Humanitarian This autobiography Three Cups Of Tea by Greg Mortenson and David Oliver Relin goes through the life experiences of Greg Mortenson in his quest to build schools for disadvantaged children in the desolate parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan. This essay investigates the qualities that Mortenson possesses that have helped make him a contemporary symbol of humanitarianism. How does Mortensons story show the qualities necessary for a good Humanitarian? To answer this question, this essay makes a thorough analysis of this autobiography by analyzing the things that Mortenson has done and what persuaded him to do them. With that in mind this essay is intended to try and decipher which qualities or traits have guided him thus far, qualities which seem extremely beneficial to his quest. In the essay, each trait has been explored in depth, looking at the ways Mortenson has demonstrated that particular trait and how it helped in the end. This autobiography has been supported by some secondary sources from the internet that include book reviews that have been posted along with interviews that have been conducted with him. Therefore with these sources, I have made generalizations as to what qualities make a good humanitarian. Upon conclusion, I discovered that with the right amount of compassion, desire to succeed and being able to blend into different cultures then one can be a good humanitarian. INTRODUCTION Power is the ability to achieve purpose. Power is the ability to effect change; these were words spoken by the legendary Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King and from these words, one can gather that there is some extraordinary power that any individual can possess, as long as they have the ability to make a difference in the lives of others, it does not matter whether on a large scale or not. Throughout history there have been great men and women who have been known to possess this extraordinary power, such as mother Teresa who dedicated her life to helping the poor but amongst these people is Greg Mortenson, a man who from being a mere nurse has risen above all odds and has become a world renowned humanitarian who has done development work in Central Asia (Pakistan and Afghanistan). Most of his work has been the construction of schools for both the Pakistani and Afghani children but it also extends to giving a helping hand at refugee camps in these areas. To date, Mortenson has built over one hundred and thirty schools and some of them catering to just girls. Greg Mortenson, along with the award winning journalist David Oliver Relin have written an autobiography of Mortensons life Three Cups Of Tea one mans mission to promote peaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦one school at a time from the time he discovered his true calling through all the ensuing events, sharing in detail how he tackles every obstacle that comes his way. How does Mortensons story show the qualities necessary for a good humanitarian? For most people it has been a mystery as to what qualities must be possessed for an individual to become a humanitarian and exercise charity. I think Mortenson is one of the best people to help illustrate these qualities because he started from nothing but has now become a man to whom even the US Military looks to for advice. How is it that this ordinary man who failed to climb K-2 has achieved so much in life? This topic is significant in that as much as most people might want to help the needy, they may not know where and how to start and the qualities that may help them in their quest. Even universities have started offering courses that help create great humanitarians and aid projects, courses like development work and development theory finance. Just the mere prospect of having these courses offered at universities shows that this is a booming industry and observing people like Greg Mortenson can help a lot of people who are interested in helping others. Other humanitarians like Sir Edmund Hilary have seen this advancement in humanitarian efforts coming, and in his book School House In The Clouds, Hilary spoke of the need for aid projects in the worlds poorest places he says, Slowly and painfully we are seeing worldwide acceptance of the fact that the wealthier and more technologically advanced countries have a responsibility to help undeveloped ones (pg 53). Mortensons philosophy is also that of Nobel Prize winner Amartya Sen whose idea is that, You can change a culture by giving its girls the tools to grow up educated so they can help themselves (pg 234). In Mortensons case, these schools were not built overnight; Mortenson encountered problems but he persisted and in the end the results were very rewarding. Mortenson has shown that an ordinary person like himself can make a difference in the world by having the right amount of compassion, determination and the ability to rise above prejudices and work within another culture. COMPASSION The poor do not need our sympathy and pity: the poor need our love and compassion. These were words spoken by the Nobel Peace prize winner, Mother Teresa, one of Mortensons idols. From the beginning, our introduction to Mortenson is of a man who doesnt pity the needy but tries to help them as much as possible. The source of this good-heartedness can be traced back to his parents who were also generous people. Irvin Mortenson (Gregs father) was an army veteran-turned schoolteacher in Tanzania who while there threw every molecule of himself into the great achievement of his life-raising money for and founding Tanzanias first teaching hospital, the Kilimanjaro Christian medical center (36). Also, his mother, Jerene Mortenson, laboured with the same single-mindedness to establish the Moshi International School (36). With such parents, it is no wonder Greg Mortenson turned out the way he did. Mortensons compassion is easily noticeable in the sacrifices he has undertaken for the sake of his family. The Mortensons lived in Africa for most of Gregs childhood and although they had done so much for the Tazanians, when they went back to America they were struggling financially and Greg Mortensons compassion is well illustrated when after graduating from high school, he enrolled himself in the army just so he could bring in some money. To show how rare this trait is Mortenson says: The kids at my school were amazed Id even consider the military. But we were broke (40). Christa, Mortensons sister, was epileptic and for the sole purpose of finding a way to help her, Greg studied neurology (42). Not only that but when they were growing up, Mortenson made sure that no one made fun of Christa. After college, Mortenson wanted to start working as soon as possible but because he wanted to spend time with his sister, he took a year off-not many people could do that which is why when Christa died, Mortenson took it really hard but wanted to honour her memory by climbing K-2, a mountain in central Asia infamous for being one of the toughest to climb in the world (42-43). Another clear depiction of Mortensons compassion is when he offered to quit school when his father was dying of cancer so that he could take care of him in his last days (42). Mortensons compassion can also be seen in the sacrifices he makes for others and his desire to satisfy everyone. This whole idea of building schools started in a village called Korphe where Mortenson was taken after he had been lost on K-2 Mountain and had seen about eighty children trying to teach themselves on the ground without a teacher and had made the promise to build them the school (33). While there, Mortenson distributed all he had to the people of that village and had gone out of his way to help their sick, hence earning his name Dr. Greg (30). On his way to fulfill his promise, the people of other villages were trying to bribe him into opting for their village and not Korphe and the guilt that Mortenson felt knowing that he could not help them frustrated him which is why he ended up promising to one day build the school for them, no matter what it took and this signifies his compassion to the extreme (91). Also, going out of his way to organise teachers and paying salaries along with calling in an eye specialist for the children and elderly of refugee camps that strained to feed, shelter and educate hundreds of thousands of people is an extreme act of compassion that clearly shows his big heart (208). Further, whenever there was a war happening, Mortenson was usually robbed of sleep worrying about those poor people (214). He used to spend nights reading about Pakistani history and trying to learn more and this shows a man whose good-heartedness made him even forget the necessities of life like sleeping. Perhaps the best way he has demonstrated his compassion is by fulfilling most of his promises; he promised to build a school for the Korphe people and he did that and even more, he also built them a womens vocational center fully equipped with sewing machines (193). He also promised to build a school for the people of the villages who were trying to bribe him and he did; not only for them but for many other villages. DETERMINATION It is usually said that a leader has a clear idea of what she or he wants and he would do anything to get it regardless of any obstacles that he may face and likewise, Mortenson was a leader who, in his cause to build schools in Pakistan and Afghanistan, has come across a lot of setbacks that would make most people give up but because he had a lot of determination Mortenson just pushed on and can now be identified as a well respected humanitarian. His determination is easily portrayed in the sacrifices he makes in order to raise the necessary funds for the construction of the schools. These acts include struggling to write many requests to as many potential sponsors as possible so that he could build the first school (47). We learn that, he wrote to every U.S. senator. He haunted the public library, scanning the kind of pop culture magazines he would never otherwise read, in search of sponsors and this just shows his eagerness to succeed ( 49). To save money while he was trying to raise funds for the school, Mortenson decided not to rent an apartment and chose to live in his car and to take showers in the bathrooms of a climbing club that he was a member of ( 49). At night he would be bothered by the police so he had to hunt for parking places where the police would not find him (49). What person in their right mind would do something like that, especially for people he did not have exceptionally strong ties with, unless they were really determined to succeed and even going to the extremes of starving himself (51)? In like manner, while he was in Pakistan with the necessary funds for the school, he lived in an eight-by-eight-foot glassed in cubicle on the hotels roof that seemed more like a garden shed than a guest room (57). Here again the image is of a man who is prepared to endure all the hardships that come his way (57). He could have just used the money he had on him and checked into a proper hotel but no, he had to try and save as much as possible. Before he had left America, Mortenson converted everything else he owned into enough cash to buy his plane ticket(56). What if everything in Pakistan did not work out and when he got back, what would he have? Nothing, but because he knew what he wanted he did it anyway. Mother Teresa once said: We ourselves feel like what we are doing is just a drop in the ocean but the ocean would be less without that drop. Mortenson believed in this saying and strived in every way to make sure that the drop he was adding was at its best hence why he even started reading books on development theory finance so that he could be a better manager and along with this he even flew to Southeast Asia so that he could learn more from other programs that did the same job that he did (234). Only a man who really wanted to make things work would go this far. In the time that Mortenson has been in Central Asia, he has taken great risks, risks that had he been somebody else, he would have left without any delays and these risks include exposing himself to the conflicts that are taking place there. In 1996, Bin Laden (a leader of the Talibans Islam extremist) called for an armed struggle against any Americans, and when this happened Mortenson was still there and ended up being held hostage for some time before he was released; but the terrifying prospect that he kept delaying leaving Asia although he knew how dangerous it was, shows his pure determination along with his love for these people (156). Patience is a prevailing attribute that Mortenson seems to possess and in physics; a spring can be stretched and return to its original place, but there is a limit to that stretching (elasticity limit), and when this point is reached then the spring will never go back to its original position. Greg Mortensons patience is synonymous to this spring and the similarities are easily noticeable because throughout, his patience has been tried at different turns and this patience helps to eloquently demonstrate his determination. The fact that Mortenson only received a single reply from the letters he wrote and all his grant applications had been turned down after waiting over six months; the fact that Mortenson still continued even after this major setback is a clear indication of his determination (52) As with the physics analysis, however, at some point Mortenson almost had a mental breakdown because after struggling for over two years to get a hold of the funds required to build the first school, when he arrives at Korphe to begin the building project, he discovers that before they can begin they have to build a bridge to carry across the necessary building materials. This required him to go back to America to get more money for the construction of the bridge. Looking back at the way he had struggled to get the first twelve thousand dollars, obviously it wasnt going to be easy to get the extra funds. Predictably, he did struggle and this failure led to him almost giving up hope. He was just on the brink of giving up but the words of a fellow mountaineer, Dr. Louis Richardt brought him back: Pull yourself together, Greg. Of course youve hit a few speed bumps but what youre trying to do is much more difficult than climbing K2(106). These words gave him the strength to continue. Thi s pure act showed a lot of determination on his part. Again, Mortensons determination can be seen in the problems he faces and the way he overcomes them. After the formation of the Central Asia Institute (CAI) which was founded by a single sponsor Jean Hoerni who covered all the expenses, Mortensons work in Pakistan advanced extremely, but following the death of the sponsor, the company started having monetary problems. Mortenson refused to hire an assistant because of fear of dipping into CAIs funds (228); he also refused an offer of a salary increase along with refusing to hire office space. All these things show a man who is determined to continue in his cause and was desperate to save as much as possible so that his work can continue. During this time of hardships in the company, Mortenson started to hold seminars where he tried to raise awareness for his work and get funding, but sometimes he faced a sea of empty seats (228) but the fact that he still continued to go to every state in America as planned shows that he had hope that at some point he would get lucky and the message would be out and his determination is enormously conveyed in this way. Now, some rich people wanted to flaunt Mortenson to their peers and look good with the promise that they would fund his company and because Mortenson was desperate, he had no choice but to play along. At some point he even went to Canada with one of them but in the end he got nothing in the form of funds from him. He tried everybody, even the people whose legitimacy he doubted. An old lady who said she had money to give called Mortenson over and he obliged because of his desperation but this woman turned out to be just a lonely old lady who just yearned for company (231). A person who would do all this is indeed determined to get to his destination. ABILITY TO RISE OVER PREJUDICES AND WORK WITHIN ANOTHER CULTURE It has been said that Good intentions and money are great, but it is partnerships and great personal relationships at the grass roots level that gets things done in a third world country and from the onset Mortenson has proved himself to be one of those people who are extremely sociable and form partnerships quickly. Throughout his quest, what Mortenson has been doing the entire time is building his rapport and trying to gain the trust of the natives of the countries he was trying to aid. His individualism and non-affiliation with both big NGOs and the political systems in any country are the factors that may have helped him reach so far as compared to all other development charities that have tried to help these people. Of course there were a number of barriers that hindered his progress and these include the language barriers because at first he had not learned their language; the custom barriers that also hindered his progress because if he went against custom, his work may be cut-off; and lastly the religious beliefs. The education of girls in that part of the world is taboo and people in Pakistan and Afghanistan believe it goes against their religion. According to BBC News, when parents were asked why they didnt pay for their female children to go to school, the parents would say Because its wrong, its irreligious, its improper they should stay at home and prepare for their real lives, their married lives. Mortenson was going against this taboo in every way and this caused a lot of problems for him. I have heard that an infidel has come to poison our Muslim children, boys as well as girls; with his teachings. Allah forbids the education of girls. And I forbid the construction of this school. (152) These were words spoken by one Haji Medhi who, along with his men went to Korphe and were trying to stop Mortensons work. Also, Greg learned that the Sher of Chakpo had declared a fatwa against himà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Pakistan is ruled by civil law, but also by Shariat, which is a system of Islamic law (184) . It wasnt only this once that a fatwa was issued against him but twice. After an issue of a fatwa has been made, the courts have to decide what to do, but luckily on both counts he was not implicated but rather the courts saw his work as a gift to their children. From the onset, we see Mortenson as a man who is able to quickly gain the trust of the people around him. George McCown, a board member of the American Himalayan Foundations once said: Greg is a guy you immediately like and trustà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦watching all those people work with himà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦It was obvious they loved him. He operated as one of them and I wondered how in the hell an American had managed that (122-123). How indeed has he managed that? The answer to that mystery might be that Greg has an eagerness to learn peoples ways, he tries in every way not to offend them and he does not distinguish himself from them but sees them as his equals, he sees everybody as his equal. His eagerness to learn their ways is easily noticeable when during his second visit to Pakistan, he asks the tailor who was putting together his outfit to teach him how to pray (62). What business of his was it how these people prayed? This eagerness to pray is also accentuated when he tries to pray with the religious leader of Korphe (67). For him to even enter the compound where the Korphe religious leader lived was a problem because he did not want to offend him; he understood that he was a non-Muslim (infidel) trying to educate the children of Korphe and he didnt know how the religious leader would take it (67). This trait of not wanting to offend is also signified with the guilt he felt when he had worn their traditional dress inappropriately and was therefore scolded for it (62). Again, unlike big organizations that just throw in millions without requesting anything from the locals, Mortenson required that each village donate land and labour and this is one of the things that might have helped him gain the trust of these people involving them. Mortenson says: Ive driven past dozens of schools in Northern Afghanistan that have been set up by conservation Corps or USAID(United States Agency For International Development), and you see a beautiful school building but no one in it Also, although Mortenson was offered large sums of money by the US Military, he had to refuse because he understood that his credibility in that part of the world depended on not being associated with the American government, especially the military (295). Had the people thought he was associated with them, they would shut him out. The American military never really stopped to ask what the people of Pakistan or Afghanistan wanted but just did what they wanted without consulting with their elders. In an interview for MSNBC(a television network), Mortenson says that following an earthquake in Pakistan in 2005, tens of thousands of tents were sent over and most of them implosive and the people would huddle in them with kerosene lanterns for light and hundreds of tents imploded and hundreds of people died and some were burned. But had anybody asked what they wanted they could have said they could make their own canvas tents if they send over canvas and sewing machines Mortenson on the ot her hand asks what they need and he would rather supply them with that than anything they did not ask for. CONCLUSION When investigating this research question How does Mortensons story show the qualities of a good humanitarian? it is easily discernable that by showing the qualities that Mortenson possessed, this story Three cups of tea by Greg Mortenson and David Oliver Relin clearly shows that it all begins with the amount of compassion that one possesses. If one does not have a desire to help the needy then they would not succeed because how could one do something they do not really have the desire for? Then comes the degree to which they are willing to bend their will in order to help make that particular act a success. They need to be ready to make a lot of sacrifices along the way, sacrifices that could mean they have to live differently from the way they are used to. Mortensons experiences show that in most cases the journey will not be easy but with the correct amount of determination and eagerness to succeed, eventually you will get there. Usually the people who require most help are the people in remote parts of developing or undeveloped countries and most of the time these people have customs that most outsiders are not familiar with and may even be a whole different ethnic group all together and most of the time aid organizations or humanitarians are going to have to try and learn their ways. Finally, listening to them, incorporating them in the decision-making process is also a wise move because that way, their needs are catered for. There have been great humanitarians like Mortenson who have possessed these qualities: Mother Teresa, Fred Cunny, Per Anger, Dalai Lama many others. By reading autobiographies of such people, these artifacts of our culture can give aspiring humanitarians the necessary qualities for being great humanitarians.

Evil and Suffering Essay

The problem of evil and suffering is perhaps the greatest of all challenges to religious belief. It is the difficulty of reconciling the existence of wickedness in the world with the existence of an omniscient, omnipotent, omnibenevolent God. It is best explained in the inconsistent triad; a vertex dating from Epicurus and Augustine that acknowledges the main problem believers face; how can there be a deity that is all good, powerful and knowing if evil exists, as the problem of evil itself is a contradiction within the idea of a deity. The problem of evil is an extensive problem. Whether malum culpae; moral evils we inflict upon one another (murder), or malum poenae; evil caused by natural occurrences (earthquakes) it is the direct cause of the suffering we endure each day. Different religious perspectives require different answers; the ‘problem of evil’, which in itself has numerous debatable aspects, is therefore interpreted in different ways by atheists, agnostics and theists. To theists particularly, the existence of evil in our world poses more than a merely philosophical or apologetic problem; it creates a very personal religious one, as although our painful experience may not challenge our belief that God exists, what may be at risk is our confidence in a God we can freely worship and love, and in whose love we can feel secure. Some suggest that evil is merely the name we give to inexplicable, nonsensical occurrences that defy explanation; that is why they are evil. However, some believe that evil is necessary, as it is merely a deprivation of good that provides contrast and allows us to appreciate the good God has given us. Give an account of two solutions and consider the view that they fail to solve the problem of suffering. [32] The problem of evil has been reconsidered and reformulated many times since the time of Epicurus; the main theodicies stemming from the Free Will Defence, which states that evil is necessary to defend man’s free will. Augustine based his theodicy on the teachings in Genesis, primarily believing that every God made organism is ‘good’. He did not believe it an illusion like Mary Baker Eddy, but alike Aquinas, views it as a ‘privatio boni’; a deprivation of good, originating from Adam’s disobedience in the Garden of Eden. He held that we deserved punishment through natural evil, and it was this that produced a distance from God where moral evil could flourish. He believed that God is justified in allowing evil to stay, as He will then be merciful and save some in Christ, as well as gaining justice through condemning some to hell. However, the challenge of evolutionary theory opposes Genesis on two points. Firstly, it hints to an instant creation rather than a process of evolution; stating that the world began perfectly, which completely contradicts all evolutionary theories and evidence modern scientists have gathered that support an earthly progression from simplicity to complexity. Secondly, Darwin’s theory of the Selfish Gene, that every creature, in the long run, acts to maximize the number of its descendants, challenges his theory of original perfection. There is also a logical error, as according to Augustine, evil seems to have created itself out of nothing! If the origin of evil is Adam, and God is the creator of Adam, is God not then the origin of evil? Also, the appeal to free will as the source of evil is illogical in a world where there was no knowledge of good and evil. If the creatures chose to disobey they must have known evil, which means it must come from God. Finally, hell appears to be a part of the design of the universe, implying that God anticipated that evil would enter, which adds a very controversial aspect of theist understandings of God. A well-known view is the Irenaean theodicy, revived by Hick in his book Evil and the God of Love in 1966. In contrast to Augustine’s theodicy, the key idea of the Irenaean works is that the human race was not created in a state of perfection but in a state of imperfection but leading to a state of perfection. The basis of this theory stems from the biblical teachings in Genesis 1, stating that first of all ‘God created man in His own image’, aiming also to make men in his likeness in the second stage of life. The means to attain this ‘likeness’ is through free choice, which in turn implied the potential to disobey. This is commonly known as the Vale of Soul making; condensed by Hick into the epistemic distance (a distance that allows us to be responsible and to have the free choice to make that leap of faith to be with God). This is pictured by Michelangelo’s ‘Creation of Adam’, in which Adam is viewed very much in imago dei. Kierkegaard also illustrated the act of attaining true love rather than merely being compliant through the parable of the king and the peasant girl. Scholars such as John Mackie have challenged this theory logically, as surely if there is an opposite evil for all good, then God himself must face equal evils at the end of the cycle. He also conjured up the Paradox of Omnipotence; based on the question that can God create rules, which bind himself?; and also, the thought that suffering (such as innocent children dying), can never be an expression of God’s love. Many theists would, however, support that evil is merely there to test our faith, but D Z Phillips contradicts this point, saying that ‘It is never justifiable to hurt someone in order to help them.’ Many follow Irenaeas’ theory, as it is a universalised concept of heaven, however that feature in itself makes it unjust. There is, therefore, no incentive for this ‘Vale of Soul Making’, as it questions God’s justice; denying genuine freedom and removing any point of moral effort.

Whats Actually Happening with Online Term Paper Writing

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Effects of Underage Drinking on Society Essay - 1100 Words

Underage Drinking Anyone who is below eighteen years of age is considered as underage and laws in many countries prohibit such a person from consuming alcohol. Alcohol happens to be the most commonly abused drug not only among the youth but also among adults. This paper explores underage drinking, its effects on the society and outlines what can be done to curb it. Young people are considered to constitute the largest number of alcohol consumers and they account for a large portion of alcohol sales. This is despite the strict drinking laws that govern many countries as regards alcohol purchase and consumption. Underage drinking, which has been on the increase, is allegedly the major cause of alcohol-related problems facing the modern†¦show more content†¦Social influences include low socio-economic status of the individual, low levels of parental guidance and education, family or domestic issues at home, presence of a history of alcoholism in the family, lack of rules on alc ohol use in the family setting and peer pressure. The cultural norms in which one has been brought up also play a major role in how one develops and one’s behavior towards alcohol abuse. Being a very big problem to the society and government at large, underage drinking may not be totally eradicated but can be reduced to manageable levels. To do this, a collective approach has to be used in implementing the various recommended prevention measures. The best approach towards reducing adolescent drinking is through numerous strategies which include school-based strategies, family, and community as well as extracurricular strategies (Komro and Toomey 3). The family strategy basically involves the parents and other family members creating a good relationship with the adolescents under their care. The parents and guardians should be good role models to their children in terms of their alcohol related behavior (Bonnie and O’Connell 19). For example, if a parent is an alcoholic, the child is bound to get the wrong picture about the parent and eventually get into alcohol in later stages of life as they argue that, alcohol is not bad since their parents also drink. 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